Add hackumenta talk

.gitignore

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+
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+# End of https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore/api/tex,emacs

2024-10-26-hackumenta-hacking-rent/rent-hacking.tex

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+\documentclass{beamer}
+\usepackage[font={small,it}]{caption}
+\usepackage{todonotes}
+\usepackage{amsfonts}
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{amssymb}
+\usepackage{amsthm}
+\usepackage{mathtools}
+\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
+\usepackage{multimedia}
+\usepackage{tikz}
+\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing,calc}
+
+\usetheme[compress]{Berlin}
+\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}
+
+\title[Hacking rent]{Hacking the economic system: How to fix high rent in your municipality and what does it
+have to do with german colonial history?}
+\author{rfl}
+\institute{flipdot}
+\date{2024-10-26}
+\logo{\large \LaTeX{}}
+
+\makeatletter
+  \setbeamertemplate{footline}{%
+    \begin{beamercolorbox}[colsep=1.5pt]{upper separation line foot}
+    \end{beamercolorbox}
+    \begin{beamercolorbox}[ht=2.5ex,dp=1.125ex,%
+      leftskip=.3cm,rightskip=.3cm plus1fil]{author in head/foot}%
+      \leavevmode{\usebeamerfont{author in head/foot}\insertshortauthor}%
+      \hfill%
+      {\usebeamerfont{institute in head/foot}\usebeamercolor[fg]{institute in head/foot}\insertshortinstitute}%
+    \end{beamercolorbox}%
+    \begin{beamercolorbox}[ht=2.5ex,dp=1.125ex,%
+      leftskip=.3cm,rightskip=.3cm plus1fil]{title in head/foot}%
+      {\usebeamerfont{title in head/foot}\insertshorttitle\hfill\insertframenumber}%
+    \end{beamercolorbox}%
+    \begin{beamercolorbox}[colsep=1.5pt]{lower separation line foot}
+    \end{beamercolorbox}
+  }
+\makeatletter
+
+\begin{document}
+
+% Title page frame
+\begin{frame}
+  \titlepage
+  \vfill
+  \centering
+  slides at \url{https://code.flipdot.org/rfl/talks}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Remove logo from the next slides
+\logo{}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \centering
+  \begin{figure}
+    \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{the-rent-is-too-damn-high}
+  \end{figure}
+  \footnotesize{source: \url{http://www.quickmeme.com/meme/3td09l}}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{figure}
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{woods_trees.jpg}
+  \end{figure}
+\end{frame}
+
+% Outline frame
+\begin{frame}{Outline}
+  \tableofcontents[hideallsubsections]
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Short Story}
+\begin{frame}{Short Story\footnote{source: \url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOmz2KRH15w}}}
+  % doesnt work
+  % \movie[width=3cm,height=2cm,poster,autostart,externalviewer]{}{stop-paying-twice.mp4}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Basic Argument}
+\begin{frame}{Basic Argument\footnote{inspired by this discussion:
+      \url{https://old.reddit.com/r/georgism/comments/1esw8l9/where_do_you_start_when_introducing_georgism_to/}}}
+  \begin{small}
+    \vspace{-0.3cm}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Nobody likes taxes, but we gotta pay for some stuff, so we should tax in
+    the least destructive way we can.
+  \item Turns out, land has this neat property where we can't really create it
+    or destroy it, so it's almost immune to distortionary taxes.
+  \item Plus, land has this ugly tendency to get hoarded and milked as a source
+    of income for people who don't actually contribute anything to society.
+  \item Plus plus, because of the eccentricities of how land works, you can tax
+    land a fair amount before landlords can pass those costs on to land users.
+  \item So, we can cut a bunch of bad taxes, like income tax and sales tax,
+    replace them with a tax on unearned income from land, and make almost
+    everybody better off!
+  \end{itemize}
+  \end{small}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Why taxes are necessary}
+\begin{frame}{We gotta pay for some stuff}
+  ``a government that issues its own fiat money:
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Can pay for goods, services, and financial assets without a need to
+    first collect money in the form of taxes or debt issuance in advance of such
+    purchases
+  % \item Cannot be forced to default on debt denominated in its own currency
+  \item Is limited in its money creation and purchases only by inflation, which
+    accelerates once the real resources (labour, capital and natural resources)
+    of the economy are utilized at full employment
+  %\item Should strengthen automatic stabilisers to control demand-pull
+  %  inflation,[10] rather than relying upon discretionary tax changes
+  % \item Issues bonds as a monetary policy device, rather than as a funding device
+  \item Uses taxation to provide the fiscal space to spend without causing
+    inflation and also to give a value to the currency. Taxation is often said
+    in MMT not to fund the spending of a currency-issuing government, but
+    without it no real spending is of course possible''\footnote{\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory}}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{What we mean by (some) taxes being destructive}
+\begin{frame}{Destructive Taxes - An Example}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Imagine there will be a 10\% tax on apple sauce starting next year.
+  \item Producers are allowed to pass them to the consumer (as usual, and it
+    can not be prevented really)
+  \item Prices will increase by almost exactly 10\% (all things being equal)
+  \item Less people will buy apple sauce, even though the underlying demand does
+    not change
+  \item In a year's time, there will be around 10\% less apple sauce, because
+    here supply follows demand
+  \item Now imagine this for other, more important goods, like medicine and
+    income taxes that affect prices indirectly
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Why land is different}
+\begin{frame}{The few different ways to make money in the economy}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Labor: You can sell your time to produce more of a valuable good or
+    service.
+  \item Capital: You can lend someone else your money, allowing them to make
+    investments that will produce more valuable stuff.
+  \item Information: You can do research, developing and selling knowledge of
+    ways to create more valuable stuff.
+  \item Entrepreneurship: You can take on personal risk and leverage the labor,
+    capital, and information of others to create new valuable stuff.
+  \end{itemize}
+  And then there's land ownership. You can buy land, and then you collect rent
+  from people who want to use your land.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Problems with land ownership}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item (scarcity) there's a fixed supply of land. Realistically you can't
+    create or destroy land (surface, which a mathematical area).
+  \item (inelasticity) the demand for land is very stable. You can't decide to
+    just not take up any physical space tomorrow.
+  \end{itemize}
+  This means
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item landowners are effectively always running an auction for land use
+  \item the rent for land use keeps rising to the highest rate someone is willing to pay.
+  \item because you can't make more land, land owners get to capture more and
+    more value as the economy grows, without the land owners actually doing
+    anything valuable.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{A tax on land value has no dead weight}
+  \begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
+    \begin{figure}
+      \centering
+      \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dead-weight}
+    \end{figure}
+  \end{minipage}
+  \begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
+    \begin{figure}
+      \centering
+      \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-dead-weight}
+    \end{figure}
+  \end{minipage}
+  \vspace{0.1cm}\\
+  \footnotesize{
+  \textit{price ceiling} means \textit{price before tax} in this context\\
+  source (left): \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_loss}\\
+  source (right): \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax}
+  }
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Actually, there are a few other things like land}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item domains
+  \item patents
+  \item electromagnetic frequencies
+  \item satellite orbits
+  \end{itemize}
+  (my) rule of thumb: if the thing you pay for is more like a right of usage
+  than an actual item, then the market for it is economically similar to the
+  land market
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{The land value tax can not be passed to tenants}
+\begin{frame}{The land value tax can not be passed to tenants}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item The tenant is already paying the maximum price they're willing to pay
+    for housing.
+  \item If the landlord could increase the price further without negative
+    consequences, they would've already done so.
+  \item If taxes are passed onto the tenant, the tenant can no longer afford to
+    live there, and the landlord will lose all revenue.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Where does land value come from}
+\begin{frame}{Land value is (mostly) the value of society}
+  \small{
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Close to essential services like schools, hospitals, shopping centers,
+    and recreational facilities
+  \item Easy access to public transportation and major highways
+  \item Near cultural amenities like theaters, museums, and restaurants
+  \item Safe area with low crime rates
+  \item Well-maintained public spaces and active community organizations
+  \item Strong sense of community with local events and activities
+  \item Located in an area with job opportunities and economic stability
+  \item Presence of thriving businesses and a flourishing local economy
+  \item Upcoming infrastructure projects or public improvements planned
+  \item Zoning changes that allow for increased development potential
+  \item Scenic views or natural beauty
+  \end{itemize}}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Where do the wealth inequality really comes from}
+\begin{frame}{Land has the ugly tendency to get hoarded}
+  \begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
+    \begin{figure}
+      \centering
+      \includegraphics[height=0.9\textheight]{wealth-types-distribution}
+    \end{figure}
+  \end{minipage}
+  \hspace{0.01\textwidth}
+  \begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
+    \begin{figure}
+      \centering
+      \includegraphics[height=0.3\textheight]{wealth-types-distribution-legend}
+    \end{figure}
+    source: \url{https://www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/zahlen-und-fakten/datenreport-2021/private-haushalte-einkommen-und-konsum/329964/zusammensetzung-des-vermoegens/}
+  \end{minipage}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{How would I do it in a (german) municipality}
+\subsection{Background}
+\begin{frame}{In General}
+  \vspace{-0.26cm}
+  \begin{figure}
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{property-tax}
+  \end{figure}
+  \vspace{-0.3cm}
+  source: \url{https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/land_value_tax.pdf}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Background}
+  \begin{block}{Grundsteuer (property tax in Germany)}
+    $T=b_{federal}(type, A_{total}, A_{useable}, A_{net dwelling}, N_{floors},
+    N_{garages}, $
+    $R_{rentlevel}, Y_{building},\dots) * B(L) * H_{munincipality}$
+  \end{block}
+  \begin{block}{weighted location value $B(L)$}
+    $B(L) = (\frac{B_L}{\frac{1}{|\mathcal{L}|}\sum_{L'\in \mathcal{L}}
+      B_{L'}})^{0.3}$
+  \end{block}
+  \begin{block}{Hessian Model (type B, most buildings), Example Kassel
+      \footnote{avg found here: \url{https://finanzamt.hessen.de/sites/finanzamt.hessen.de/files/2022-06/2022_06_13_stanz_ausgabe_24_s691_durchschnittliche_brw.pdf}}}
+    $T=(A_{net dwelling} * 0.5 * 0.7 + A_{usable} * 0.5 + A_{total} * 0.04) *
+    (\frac{280}{214})^{0.3} * 490$
+   \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Constraints}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item city recalculates location value for a city quarter almost regularly (2y)
+  \item city (Stadtverordnetenversammlung) can \emph{only} change $H$
+  \item city has to set corporation tax factor (Gewerbesteuerhebesatz) to 200
+    or more
+  \item depending on tax distribution in the federal state and the whole nation
+    the city budget is (relatively) lowered or increased (Länderfinanzausgleich,
+    kommunaler Finanzausgleich)
+  \item people still have to pay those taxes
+  \item city is only allowed to see aggregated statistics not individual tax statements
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Proposal}
+\begin{frame}{Proposal Outline}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item provide a online platform where citizens of the municipality can upload
+    their tax statements
+  \item increase $H$
+  \item repay registered amounts equally
+  \item probably easiest to first focus on income, corporate, property sales
+    taxes first
+  \item in addition: because the property tax includes a tax on non-land-value,
+    these amounts should be payed back as well
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Proposal Open Questions}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item how to mitigate value added tax (Mehrwertsteuer)? (arguably one of the
+    most unfair taxes on the poor)
+  \item how to include people that do not work (kids, elders, refugees)?
+  \item can it be explained easier?
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Detailed Handbook}
+  \vspace{-0.3cm}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item explain proposal $\leftarrow$ we are here
+  \item ...
+  \item get political majority, set current $H_0:=H$
+  \item simplify building codes (bebauungspläne) \tikz[remember picture] \node[coordinate] (top) {};
+  \item add priority property sale order (vorkaufssatzung)
+  \item add city property lease order (erbbausatzung) \tikz[remember picture] \node[coordinate] (bottom) {};
+  \item activate tax portal
+  \item make citizen council on distribution mechanism
+  \item every year $n=1,2$ until ``optimality''\footnote{total property tax
+      revenue is at least the same as other tax revenue}
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item increase $H$ by adding base rate $H_0$, eg $H_n= (n+1)H_0$
+    \item distribute $\frac{N}{N+1}$ of total property tax revenue to citizens
+      according to distribution based on tax statements
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \begin{tikzpicture}[overlay,remember picture]
+    \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=10pt,raise=4pt},thick]
+    ($(top)+(0.8,0.25)$) -- ($(bottom)+(0.2,-0.25)$)
+    node[midway,right=12pt] {\footnotesize{more or less optional}};
+  \end{tikzpicture}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Positive Effects}
+\subsection{Good things that will happen}
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item empty houses/flats will be put on the market because it is financially
+    reasonable to do so
+  \item additionally there is now incentive to building new houses on vacant
+    lots or add floors to existing buildings in high demand locations
+  \item the rent distribution will shift downwards
+  \item (small) businesses will have an easier time finding locations or
+    operating in the existing ones
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{More positive Effects}
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item people will move into the city
+  \item the base property tax revenue $H_0$ will increase, thus public infrastructure
+    can be funded better
+  \item if land value is faithfully reflected in parking tickets, people will
+    park cars on their own property or get rid of it
+  \item tax evasion will become impossible
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Even more positive Effects}
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{figure}
+    \centering
+    \vspace{-0.25cm}
+    \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{figures/lvt-outcomes}
+    \vspace{-0.5cm}
+    \label{fig:lvt-outcomes}
+  \end{figure}
+  \footnotesize{source: \url{https://old.reddit.com/r/georgism/comments/qp69t9/upgraded_graphs_of_lvt_outcomes/}}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{History}
+\subsection{Adam Smith and David Ricardo and the law of rent}
+\begin{frame}{Law of Rent}
+  \centering
+  \begin{figure}
+    \includegraphics[height=0.7\textheight]{rlof-0}
+  \end{figure}
+  \footnotesize{source: \url{https://sciolizer.github.io/ricardo-law-of-rent/}}
+\end{frame}
+\begin{frame}{Law of Rent}
+  \centering
+  \begin{figure}
+    \includegraphics[height=0.7\textheight]{rlof-1}
+  \end{figure}
+  \footnotesize{source: \url{https://sciolizer.github.io/ricardo-law-of-rent/}}
+\end{frame}
+\begin{frame}{Law of Rent}
+  \begin{block}{Law of Rent - your perspective}
+    To some extent, it doesn't matter what location you chose for your coffee
+    shop. Any excess profits you would have gained from a better location just
+    go to the landlord there, and so your \textit{kept income} stays the same.
+  \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Henry George}
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
+    \centering
+    \begin{figure}
+      \centering
+      % \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{henry-george}
+      \includegraphics[height=0.6\textheight]{henry-george}
+    \end{figure}
+  \end{minipage}
+  \hspace{0.01\textwidth}
+  \begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
+    \centering
+    \begin{figure}
+      \centering
+      % \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{progress-and-poverty}
+      \includegraphics[height=0.6\textheight]{progress-and-poverty}
+    \end{figure}
+  \end{minipage}
+
+  \begin{block}{Fundamental Insight}
+    Progress is a wedge that increases the divide in wealth between the land
+    owners and the landless. Progress is the cause of poverty!
+  \end{block}
+  \footnotesize{
+  source (left): \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George}\\
+  source (right): \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty}
+  }
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Cutting all destructive taxes does not mean less budget}
+\begin{frame}{Henry George theorem\footnote{\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George_theorem}}}
+  \vspace{-0.3cm}
+  \begin{figure}
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{h-g-theorem}
+  \end{figure}
+  \vspace{-0.3cm}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item maximize utility of public goods wrt population size
+  \item land rents would be just sufficient to finance a provision of local
+    public goods
+  \item is also that land rents equals government expenditures on local public
+    goods
+  \end{itemize}
+  Work done by Joseph Stiglitz, who later won the Prize in Economic Sciences in
+  Memory of Alfred Nobel 2001, although for a different
+  topic\footnote{\url{https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2001/stiglitz/facts/}}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Connection to german colonialism}
+\begin{frame}
+  \centering
+  \begin{figure}
+    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{german-colonial-empire}
+  \end{figure}
+  \footnotesize{source: \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GermanColonialEmpire(UPT3).jpg}}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Or how that one point in time we almost got the (economic) solution right}
+  ``The territory fully implemented Georgist policy. Its sole source of government
+revenue was the land value tax of six percent which it levied in its territory.
+The German colonial empire had previously had economic problems with its African
+colonies caused by land speculation. One of the main reasons for using the land
+value tax in Jiaozhou Bay was to eliminate such speculation, which the policy
+achieved.''\footnote{\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_Leased_Territory}}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{figure}
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{kiaochow-report}
+  \end{figure}
+  \begin{figure}
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{kiaochow-paper}
+  \end{figure}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Final words}
+\begin{frame}{Final words}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item ``taxation is theft, but unmitigated negative externalities is
+    thefter'' - reddit user nivlac22
+  \item ``[Georgism] is the best idea that will never happen. '' -
+    BritMonkey\footnote{in \url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smi_iIoKybg}}
+  \item ``There isn’t a single person in power that doesn’t own a lot of land.''
+    - youtube user @tc3884 \footnote{as a comment to the video above}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+% \section{Blocks in Beamer}
+% \begin{frame}{Blocks in Beamer}
+%     \begin{block}{Standard Block}
+%         This is a standard block.
+%     \end{block}
+%     \begin{alertblock}{Alert Message}
+%         This block presents alert message.
+%     \end{alertblock}
+%     \begin{exampleblock}{An example of typesetting tool}
+%         Example: MS Word, \LaTeX{}
+%     \end{exampleblock}
+% \end{frame}
+
+\end{document}